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UN REPORT - What does it say?
UN REPORT - What does it say?
Original publication: 2023-03-30 17:14:37
UN REPORT - What does it say?
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- "The new data shows that women still have a much harder time finding a job than men."
- According to new ILO data, 15 percent of working-age women globally would like to work but do not have a job, compared to 10.5 percent of men.
- "This gender gap has remained almost unchanged for two decades," it said.
- It pointed out that personal and family responsibilities, including unpaid care work, disproportionately affect women.
- The UN labour organization found that the jobs gap was particularly severe in low-income countries, where nearly a quarter of women was unable to find a job.
- For men, the corresponding rate was below 17 percent, ILO said.
- Access to employment is not the only problem.
- ILO highlighted that women tend to be overrepresented in certain types of vulnerable jobs, including helping out in relatives' businesses rather than being in own-account work.
- "This vulnerability, together with lower employment rates, takes a toll on women's earnings," ILO said.
- "Globally, for each dollar of labour income men earn, women earned only 51 cents."
- The pay gap meanwhile varies widely between regions, with the figure dropping to 33 cents in low-income countries, but reaching 58 cents in high-income countries.
- "This striking disparity in earnings is driven by both women's lower employment level, as well as their lower average earnings when they are employed, ILO said
Let us look briefly at some of the issues:
Poverty and Hunger- Gender inequality is a major cause and effect of hunger and poverty: it is estimated that 60 percent of chronically hungry people are women and girls. (Source: WFP Gender Policy and Strategy.)
- On average, women make up about 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries. Evidence indicates that if these women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20 to 30 percent, raising total agricultural output in these countries by 2.5 to 4 percent. This would reduce the number of hungry people in the world by around 12 to 17 percent.
- Women make up more than two-thirds of the world's 796 million illiterate people.
- According to global statistics, just 39 percent of rural girls attend secondary school. This is far fewer than rural boys (45 percent), urban girls (59 percent) and urban boys (60 percent).
- While progress has been made in reducing the gender gap in urban primary school enrolment, data from 42 countries shows that rural girls are twice as likely as urban girls to be out of school.
- Data from 68 countries indicates that a woman's education is a key factor in determining a child's survival.
- Children of mothers with no education in the Latin American and Caribbean region are 3.1 times more likely to die than those with mothers who have secondary or tertiary education, and 1.6 more likely to die than those whose mothers have primary-level education.
- In most countries, women in rural areas who work for wages are more likely than men to hold seasonal, part-time and low-wage jobs. Women also receive lower wages for the same work.
- Men's average wages are higher than women's in both rural and urban areas. Rural women typically work longer hours than men, due to additional reproductive, domestic and care responsibilities.
- A large gender gap remains in women's access to decision-making and leadership.
- Women make up fewer elected representatives in most rural councils. In Asia, this ranges between 1.6 percent in Sri Lanka and 31 percent in Pakistan.
- Women's participation as chairs or heads in rural councils is also much lower than men's, as seen in Bangladesh (0.2 percent) and Cambodia (7 percent).
- Educated women are more likely to have greater decision-making power within their households.
- Only one-third of rural women receive prenatal care compared to 50 percent in developing regions as a whole.
- More rural women experience domestic violence, and yet few seek services, according to a multi-country study by the World Health Organization (WHO).
- Rural women understand less about how HIV spreads compared to urban women; WHO figures from 25 countries indicate the margins of understanding between the two to be between 20 and 50 percent.
- HIV exacerbates property insecurity, especially for widows whose husbands have died from AIDS-related causes, but who may not have right to inherit or own their land.
- The burden of care is also carried by women. Women and girls account for 66 to 90 percent of all AIDS caregivers; conditions are most difficult for women and girls in rural areas, and this can increase their own vulnerability to infection.
- There is still far less access to clean or improved water sources in rural areas than in urban areas.
- Environmental degradation has an impact on natural resources and can affect rural women differently from men. For example, since rural women tend to have fewer occupational options and less mobility than men, many rely on natural resources from forests.
- Natural disasters, climate change, and conflict can undermine the health, education, and livelihoods of rural women, differently to men. For example, although women usually manage the small plots of agricultural land in each family for income or sustenance in developing countries, land titles are most likely to be held by men. This means that following a disaster, many women cannot independently claim state-offered reconstruction funds. Women can also be more at risk of harm during flooding in countries where boys are taught to swim at an early age, but girls rarely are.
- Evidence from 25 developed and developing countries indicates that countries with higher female parliamentary representation are more likely to set aside protected land areas.
CONCLUSION - SURPRISING FACTS
- Women are concentrated in lower-paid, lower-skill work.
- For every dollar men earn, women earn 77 cents.
- Women are under-represented in decision-making roles.
- Women carry out at least 2.5 times more unpaid work than men.
- At the current rate, it will take 257 years to close the global gender pay gap.